Beschreibung The Institutional Revolution: Measurement and the Economic Emergence of the Modern World (Markets and Governments in Economic History). Few events in the history of humanity rival the Industrial Revolution. Following its onset in eighteenth-century Britain, sweeping changes in agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and technology began to gain unstoppable momentum throughout Europe, North America, and eventually much of the world&;with profound effects on socioeconomic and cultural conditions.In The Institutional Revolution, Douglas W. Allen offers a thought-provoking account of another, quieter revolution that took place at the end of the eighteenth century and allowed for the full exploitation of the many new technological innovations. Fundamental to this shift were dramatic changes in institutions, or the rules that govern society, which reflected significant improvements in the ability to measure performance&;whether of government officials, laborers, or naval officers&;thereby reducing the role of nature and the hazards of variance in daily affairs. Along the way, Allen provides readers with a fascinating explanation of the critical roles played by seemingly bizarre institutions, from dueling to the purchase of one&;s rank in the British Army. Engagingly written, The Institutional Revolution traces the dramatic shift from premodern institutions based on patronage, purchase, and personal ties toward modern institutions based on standardization, merit, and wage labor&;a shift which was crucial to the explosive economic growth of the Industrial Revolution.
Germany - The economy, 1890–1914 / Britannica ~ Germany - Germany - The economy, 1890–1914: The speed of Germany’s advance to industrial maturity after 1890 was breathtaking. The years from 1895 to 1907 witnessed a doubling of the number of workers engaged in machine building, from slightly more than one-half million to well over a million. An immediate consequence of expanding industrial employment was a sharp drop in emigration; from .
The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change ~ The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth By DARON ACEMOGLU,SIMON JOHNSON, AND JAMES ROBINSON* The rise of Western Europe after 1500 is due largely to growth in countries with access to the Atlantic Ocean and with substantial trade with the New World, Africa, and Asia via the Atlantic. This trade and the associated colonialism affected Europe not only .
The History of Economics - Investopedia ~ Here, we take just a brief look at the history of modern economic thought. Of course, people have been curious about these matters at all times and all over the world. So, what we present is just .
(PDF) The Global History of Corporate Governance: An ~ they bridged institutional voids created by dysfunctional markets and weak economic institutions. But even beyond this, the chapter argues that the Tata group in particular survives and prospers .
The Effects of Democracy on Economic Growth and Inequality ~ What effects does political democracy have on such development outcomes as economic growth and socioeconomic equality? Competing theoretical models have been proposed that represent each of the possibilities: democracy as facilitating development, democracy as a hindrance to development, and democracy as bearing no independent relationship to development outcomes.
China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and ~ eventually dominate global markets. In 2017, the Trump Administration launched a Section 301 investigation of China’s innovation and intellectual property policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests. It subsequently raised tariffs by 25% on $250 billion worth of imports from China, while China increased tariffs (ranging from 5% to 25%) on $110 billion worth of imports from the United .
15 Examples of Economic Change - Simplicable ~ Economic change is a shift in the structure of an economic system. This results in changes to societies, cultures and everyday life on a global or national basis. Economic change caused by technology, politics and progress is a regular feature of history. The following are illustrative examples of economic change. Economic Systems Changes in an economic system such as a shift from a centrally .
Political Institutions, Economic Growth, and Democracy ~ The prevailing institutional design of economic institutions thus depends mostly on the allocation of political power among elite groups. Political institutions, formal and informal, determine .
The Economy: Contents - CORE - Economics for a changing world ~ 2.2 Economic models: How to see more by looking at less 2.3 Basic concepts: Prices, costs, and innovation rents . Innovation. 2.4 Modelling a dynamic economy: Technology and costs. Innovation. 2.5 Modelling a dynamic economy: Innovation and profit. Innovation. 2.6 The British Industrial Revolution and incentives for new technologies. History, instability, and growth Inequality Innovation. 2.7 .
A Very Short History of Information Technology (IT) ~ [Note: if round numbers are your passion, you may opt—without changing the substance of this condensed history—for the ENIAC proposal of April 1943, Ethernet in 1973, and CERN making the World .
The Shaping of Higher Education: The Formative Years in ~ as having been an outgrowth of post-World War II developments, such as the G.I. Bill, the rise of federal funding for higher education, and the arrival of higher education for the masses. This paper will argue, to the contrary, that the formative period of America’s higher education industry, when its modern form took shape, was actually during the several decades after 1890.1 The shifts in .
JSTOR Home ~ JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources.
The urbanization solution / McKinsey ~ Ever since China started pursuing a policy of reform and opening-up of markets three decades ago, it has experienced rapid economic takeoff and has made its entry into the ranks of middle-income countries. In 2011, China’s per capita gross domestic product reached $5,400, using current exchange rates. That figure would be even larger using the World Bank’s purchasing-power-parity formula.
Political system - Constitutional government / Britannica ~ Political system - Political system - Constitutional government: Constitutional government is defined by the existence of a constitution—which may be a legal instrument or merely a set of fixed norms or principles generally accepted as the fundamental law of the polity—that effectively controls the exercise of political power. The essence of constitutionalism is the control of power by its .
The History of Singapore's Economic Development ~ Today, it is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Its GDP per capita has risen to an incredible U.S. $60,000, making it one of the strongest economies in the world. For a small country with few natural resources, Singapore's economic ascension is nothing short of remarkable. By embracing globalization, free-market capitalism, education, and pragmatic policies, the country has been .
A New Understanding of the History of Limited Liability ~ I challenge the common, linear narratives about how limited liability evolved, and argue that corporations, the stock markets, and the corporate economy enjoyed a long and prosperous history well before limited liability in its modern sense became established. This radically different historical understanding calls for the economic theory of limited liability to be revisited. It also opens up .
BBC - History - British History in depth: Thatcherism and ~ 1. Governments accepted a commitment to maintain full employment by Keynesian techniques of economic management. Ministers would use their levers, such as cutting taxes and boosting state spending .
The American West, 1865-1900 / Rise of Industrial America ~ U.S. History Primary Source Timeline Colonial Settlement, 1600s - 1763 The American Revolution, 1763 - 1783 The New Nation, 1783 - 1815 National Expansion and Reform, 1815 - 1880 Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861 to 1877
WHKMLA : History of Sweden ~ The economic crisis following World War I caused deflation and soaring unemployment (163,000 on Jan. 1st 1922). The state employed many of these in road construction and maintenance, and unemployment figures decreased, (to which an improbing economy also contributed). In 1922 the Swedish parliament decided to introduce, following the Swiss model, the Referendum as a constitutional instrument .
Economic growth: the impact on poverty reduction ~ Economic growth is the most powerful instrument for reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in developing countries. Both cross-country research and country case studies provide overwhelming evidence that rapid and sustained growth is critical to making faster progress towards the Millennium Development Goals – and not just the first goal of halving the global proportion of people .
A Brief Political History Of The United Kingdom ~ Conservative governments ruled until World War II, and then a grand coalition of all major parties led by the Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill ran the government through the end of .
Euromoney The World Bank: the impossible job? ~ Others agree that the World Bank’s achievement in China in the 1980s ranks as one of the most important in its history. “I think the World Bank needs to be given a lot of credit for lifting millions of people out of poverty in China,” says Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, who spent over 20 years as a development economist at the Bank before becoming Nigeria’s first female finance minister in 2006.
Economic Modelling - Journal - Elsevier ~ Economic Modelling - a scholarly journal which came into being in 1984 - fills a major gap in the economics literature, providing a single source of both theoretical and applied papers on economic modelling. The journal's prime objective is to provide an international review of the state-of-the-art in economic modelling. Economic Modelling has so far published the complete versions of many .
Economic and Political Weekly ~ Modern flood control technologies have neither been very successful nor are they people-friendly. This is because their focus is on trying to control the waters of rivers in spate and not of making use of the flood waters in the best possible way, while ensuring the least damage. This forms the basis of flood 'management' traditionally in many villages in Bihar, West Bengal and Bangladesh.