Beschreibung Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (N.B.E.R. Series on Long-Term Factors in Economic Development). Women have entered the labor market in unprecedented numbers, yet these critically needed workers still earn less than men and have fewer opportunities for advancement. This study traces the evolution of the female labor force in America, addressing the issue of gender distinction in the workplace and refuting the notion that women's employment advances were a response to social revolution rather than long-run economic progress. Employing innovative quantitative history methods and new data series on employment, earnings, work experience, discrimination, and hours of work, it establishes that the present economic status of women evolved gradually over the last two centuries and that past conceptions of women workers persist.
Women and Negotiation: Narrowing the Gender Gap in ~ Consequently, in negotiations for other people, women effectively narrow the gender gap in negotiated outcomes. Notably, however, women achieve lower economic results, on average, relative to men when they are representing an organization in their negotiations. Women may be able to avoid a social backlash and narrow this gap by viewing themselves as advocates for their organizations and .
The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women s Employment ~ Women s increased involvement in the econ-omy was the most signi cant change in labor markets during the past century. Their modern economic role emerged in the United States in four distinct phases. The rst three were evolu-tionary; the last was revolutionary. The rev-olution was a quiet one, not the big-bang type. The evolutionary phases led, slowly, to the revolutionary phase. First, I will .
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Did Women's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of ~ This paper examines the growth of government during this century as a result of giving women the right to vote. Using crossâsectional timeâseries data for 1870â1940, we examine state government expenditures and revenue as well as voting by U.S. House and Senate state delegations and the passage of a wide range of different state laws.
Gender equality and womenâs empowerment â United Nations ~ Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. There has been progress over the last decades: More girls are .
Women Empowerment and Economic Development ~ long-term development is somewhat exag-gerated. The conclusion here is a more bal-anced, somewhat more pessimistic picture of the potential for womenâs empowerment and economic development to mutually reinforce each other than that offered by the more strident voices on either side of the debate.
Research: The Biggest Culture Gaps Are Within Countries ~ And political and economic characteristics such as globalization or economic freedom were all superior to country of origin for predicting similarity in work-related values. In other words, our .
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Barriers & Bias: The Status of Women in Leadership â AAUW ~ Women are still outnumbered by men in the most prestigious positions, from Capitol Hill to the board room. Barriers and Bias: The Status of Women in Leadership examines the causes of womenâs underrepresentation in leadership roles in business, politics, and education and suggests what we can do to change the status quo.
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Key facts about the gender pay gap - Our World in Data ~ Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics. This blog post is closely related to a companion article where we discuss the drivers of the gender pay gap.It is also related to our articles exploring female labor force participation trends and determinants. This blog post benefitted greatly from research contributions provided .
Women's studies - Wikipedia ~ Women's studies is an academic field that draws on feminist and interdisciplinary methods in order to place womenâs lives and experiences at the center of study, while examining social and cultural constructs of gender; systems of privilege and oppression; and the relationships between power and gender as they intersect with other identities and social locations such as race, sexual .
Equal Pay Act - HISTORY ~ The Equal Pay Act was among the first federal laws in American history to address gender discrimination. In signing it into law on June 10, 1963, Kennedy praised it as a âsignificant step forwar
Gender-Based Violence (Violence Against Women and Girls) ~ Gender-Based Violence (Violence Against Women and Girls) is a global pandemic that affects 1 in 3 women, with severe consequences on countries' social and economic development.
Understanding the long-run effects of Africaâs slave ~ Although research understanding the long-term impacts of Africaâs slave trades is still in progress, the evidence accumulated up to this point suggests that this historic event played an important part in the shaping of the continent, in terms of not only economic outcomes, but cultural and social outcomes as well. The evidence suggests that it has affected a wide range of important outcomes .
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Wealth Inequality in America: Key Facts & Figures / St ~ My colleagues and I examine this in depth in our recent Demographics of Wealth series. 6) The racial wealth gap is large for college graduates and nongrads. While college is touted as the great equalizer, the data show that large racial and ethnic wealth gaps remain. To examine gaps, letâs look at the median wealth of white, black and Hispanic families with four-year college degrees. Weâll .
Economic growth: the impact on poverty reduction ~ Economic growth is the most powerful instrument for reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in developing countries. Both cross-country research and country case studies provide overwhelming evidence that rapid and sustained growth is critical to making faster progress towards the Millennium Development Goals â and not just the first goal of halving the global proportion of people .
The economic impact of colonialism / VOX, CEPR Policy Portal ~ The immense economic inequality we observe in the world today is the path-dependent outcome of a multitude of historical processes, one of the most important of which has been European colonialism. This column, taken from a recent Vox eBook, discusses how colonialism has shaped modern inequality in several fundamental, but heterogeneous, ways.
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ATD / The World's Largest Talent Development Association ~ The Association for Talent Development (ATD, formerly ASTD) is the world's largest association dedicated to those who develop talent in organizations. These professionals help others achieve their full potential by improving their knowledge, skills, and abilities.
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) / Human ~ The difference between the IHDI and HDI is the human development cost of inequality, also termed â the overall loss to human development due to inequality. The IHDI allows a direct link to inequalities in dimensions, it can inform policies towards inequality reduction, and leads to better understanding of inequalities across population and their contribution to the overall human development .